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Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town

Received: 2 April 2023     Accepted: 17 April 2023     Published: 27 April 2023
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Abstract

The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.

Published in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
Page(s) 12-20
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Moringa Herbal Snuff, Nicotine, Blood Pressure, Type2 Diabetes, Kidney Malfunction

References
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[7] Muhammad, B. Y., Moses, Z. Z., Ruqaiyatu, A. M., Mustapha, M. A. (2021). Survey of Snuff use and Preliminary Study of effect of Two Brands on Brain Antioxidants and Acetylcholinesteras Enzyme of Wister Albino Rats Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
[8] Khan Z., Suliankatchi, R. A. and Heise, T. L. (2017). Naswar (Smokeless Tobacco) Use and the Risk of Oral Cancer in Pakistan: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nicotine and Tobacco Research; 21: 32-40.
[9] Ukwubile C. A., Agu, M. O., Agabila, E. J. (2020). Phytochemical and acute toxicity studies of Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) A. Fern. and R. Fern. (Melastomataceae) leaf methanol extract, American Journal of biological life science, 3 (5) (2015), pp. 151-154.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. (2023). Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 8(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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    ACS Style

    Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal; Bawa Yusuf Muhammad; Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan; Zaruwa Moses Zira; Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2023, 8(1), 12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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    AMA Style

    Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal, Bawa Yusuf Muhammad, Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan, Zaruwa Moses Zira, Maryam Saeed Otuh. Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town. Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;8(1):12-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13,
      author = {Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal and Bawa Yusuf Muhammad and Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan and Zaruwa Moses Zira and Maryam Saeed Otuh},
      title = {Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town},
      journal = {Biochemistry and Molecular Biology},
      volume = {8},
      number = {1},
      pages = {12-20},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bmb.20230801.13},
      abstract = {The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.},
     year = {2023}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of Some Biochemical Markers among Long Term Herbal Snuff Users in Keffi Town
    AU  - Abdulkadir Hassan Lawal
    AU  - Bawa Yusuf Muhammad
    AU  - Muhammad Alhassan Alhassan
    AU  - Zaruwa Moses Zira
    AU  - Maryam Saeed Otuh
    Y1  - 2023/04/27
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
    T2  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    JF  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    JO  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
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    EP  - 20
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5048
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bmb.20230801.13
    AB  - The use of Moringa Herbal snuff is growing rapidly in Nigeria. This research study appears to investigate the use of Moringa Herbal snuff and its potential effects on various biochemical markers among snuff users in Keffi town, Nigeria. The study was conducted in three stages, which included an interview survey, phytochemical screening of four claimed Moringa herbal snuff brands, and a study of the effects of snuff consumption on blood pressure, blood glucose levels, liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters. The survey found that a majority of snuff users reported using snuff for headache, vision, and sexual enhancement. Phytochemical screening of the four snuff brands revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis of Special Moringa Sundu (SMS) revealed the presence of 27 bioactive compounds, including n- Hexadecanoic acid, nicotine, cotinine, trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, and oleic acid. The study found a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure an hour after snuff consumption compared to blood pressure before consumption in the test groups and the control. Blood glucose levels decreased after snuff consumption compared to levels before consumption. The study also found normal liver function in both test and control groups, but a significant increase in urea in all snuff user groups and an increase in creatinine levels only in chronic users (group 4) compared to the control. The white blood cell level was significantly higher among snuff users than the control. Leucocytes counts were normal compared to the control. Overall, the study suggests that Moringa Herbal snuff may be addictive and that persistent consumption may lead to high blood pressure, type2 diabetes, and predisposition to kidney malfunction.
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

  • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

  • Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria

  • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

  • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria

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